Lyric Labs provides high quality, fast turnaround technical translations at competitive rates. Lyric labs has networked with more than 7000 translators worldwide for language translation services for 150 languages.We specialize in providing technical translation. We use native speakers with technical background to work on your documents for translation. Our technical translators have a minimum of 3-5 years of translation experience.

With over 2500 clients worldwide, we are able to provide technical translations into over

150 languages.Some of our clients for whom we continue to do technical translation services are American Power Corporation, Ford, Caterpillar, etc.

TRANSLATORS

We use native and qualified translators with technical background. We rather collaborate with these translators for many years now. Today Lyric Labs has developed its own translation memory for major industries like the Automobile, Engineering, etc. We use them to the advantage of our prospective clients. When we use translation memory, you reduce time and cost in translating your technical document. This also benefits in maintaining consistency across documents results in professional documentation work.

QUALITY PROCESS

Lyric Labs is an ISO 9001, EN 15038 Certified company which is the only company based out of India to practice these standards. This means we ensure your documents meet all quality standards before it is delivered to you. We use our own proprietary project management to improve the efficiency of project management by connecting the Translation Supply Chain. We also use Trados Synergy for our project management. As a

TRANSLATION MEMORY

Our Project management tools have the ability to simultaneously refer to multiple translation memories, via an Internet-enabled, high-performance translation memory (TM) database server or file-based TMs.

SECURITY

We know the files who send it to us for translation is very sensitive to the market, may be product literatures, specification diagrams, technical inputs. As a policy we do not transmit any data of our client through email to our preferred translators. We only use our 128 bit secured file management system to upload and download the translated files. When our client specified the files to be confidential, then we request our translators to log into our work bench which is situated in our office through a secured protocol and complete the translation.

Types of technical documents we translate

Technical manuals

Product literatures

Pre sale and post sale booklets

Service manuals

User guides

Installation manuals

Maintenance manuals

Engineering specifications

Bill of Materials

CAD drawings

Catalogs

E-Learning

Labels

Other marketing Materials

Operating Manuals

Presentations

Safety Manuals (for print and interactive media)

Software and Hardware UI*

Training materials

Technical proposals

Other User Guides

Websites

We can share our client reference to establish our quality and delivery capabilities. Please write to us a mail@lyriclabs.com if you are interested to talk any of our clients. You can also use our free quote to know our rates or call us at 091 422 439 3030 to kick start the project.

Yes, it´s a jungle out there in the corporate world. You want your company to get a bigger piece of the business, to grow, expand, become a market leader. You want to reach more potential customers, even do business with foreign customers. So, you suddenly see the importance of a truly professional corporate translation service. But how do you select the one that will help you reach your business goals and needs? It´s also a jungle out there in the corporate translation world; agencies are highly competitive. The pros can tell you exactly what agencies must deliver when delivering a top-notch corporate translation service.

The accurate message

Bad errors, confusing ideas, or a mainly messy translation might make you lose a deal, and at least reflect badly on you and your company. To avoid any kind of embarrassment, as well as the loss of what could have been a fruitful business, the agency you hire must deliver error-free translations that precisely communicate the meaning of the original document using the words and style most appropriate for the intended use of the translation. They must hire certified and experienced translators who can respect faithfully the message, meaning, style and intent of the original document while delivering a translation that reads like an original. Agencies that work in corporate translation service have editing teams that proof-read and meticulously read translations for errors, which is why they can ensure they will deliver a perfected copy of your translated document.

Prompt delivery times

Time is of the essence. This is why a professional agency must ensure quick delivery of your translated document. Nevertheless, you must be realistic. Agencies can meet the toughest deadlines, but larger documents do take longer, which is why an agency that provides high-quality corporate translation service will have several translators working on the same document, and later have an editor proof-read it.

Competitive prices

A top-notch translation that will help you seal the deal is priceless. Well, not really. It does have its price. Nevertheless, you should never have to pay an arm and a leg for it. On the other hand, if the rate is rock-bottom, you´ll probably be getting low-quality too. Consider the possibility of asking for a bulk discount for high quantities of work.

Privacy Policy

One cannot underestimate the importance of a confidentiality agreement. Are you concerned some of your business secrets might be revealed? Do not fret. Agencies used to delivering corporate translation service usually work under confidentiality agreements with their translators, which ensures total confidentiality for the documents being translated. Nevertheless, you could specifically ask for one.

www.TranslationsLCI.com – Corporate Translation Service

Yet, international means across countries, which implies that knowledge has to overcome language boundaries. So medical documents have to undergo an in-depth scrutiny and precise translation by medical translators as they “cross the border”. This is called a “medical translation” and is best performed by MDs or by people who received a high level of medical formal education.

A mistake in a medical translation might have dramatic consequences, which is why it is best that at least two medical linguists work on each medical translation, one translating and one editing the translation.

Health is far too valuable to entrust it to an automated translator. When human translators perform medical translations, with no machine translation at all, it considerably reduces the risk to lose life-saving nuances.

This is especially important when the documents are translated between a latin language into a non-latin one such as Hebrew for example. The vast differences in the 2 languages logic and structure, such as exposed in our previous blog “Don’t get ‘Lost in translation’” are further increasing the risk of using automated translation for medical documents.

As medical translation are especially important for documents reaching a large number of people such as medications notices and such, BACK TRANSLATIONS and RECONCILIATION procedures ensures that the content of the original document is reflected exactly in the final translation.

Only a professional medical translation can guarantee that your health will not be put in jeopardy by something as seemingly harmless as a slightly inadequate choice of word.

Factors to look for when selecting the right translation company for your technical translation requirements:

With many technical companies going global to increase their business, they have found it a necessity to get their product documents translated. As a result, the demand for the technical translators has gone up sharply. To capitalize on this demand, many translation companies have started offering the technical translation services. However despite the fact that most of them claim to offer high-quality service, the veracity of their claims remain doubtful. Also there are no established benchmarks that can be used to measure these claims. This can confound those who are looking for technical translators for the first time. If you are confused then use these pointers to help you in choosing the right translation company for your needs.

What do the old clients have to say about the performance of the translation company? Was it able to meet its deadline commitments? Was the quality of end product acceptable? Could the company adapt to the changed project requirement? Does the translation company have reputable certifications like ISO 9001 and EN 15038? These certificates are regarded as the highest quality standards in the translation industry. Are you planning to translate your documents into Polish? If yes, does the translation company have native Polish speakers as translators? Getting the translation done from a native Polish speaker is much more accurate than that done by non-native Polish speaker. Do you want to translate process control documents for setting up boiler plant? If yes, does the translation company have experts in this field as their employers? Don’t forget that this process is very crucial as any mistakes in translation can lead to explosion in the factory. Do you intend to outsource your work to a translation company abroad in order to save money? If so, is the company open to accepting payment through the mode of your choice? While you may choose to pay by Paypal, it is not available in some countries.

Selecting a right technical translator is important in order to get the best quality of service from your chosen translation company.

Because most of the people think of the process of translation as a mere exchange of words from one source language to another target language, it is actually common for us to hear comments that generally devalue our hard work. Were translation is really such an easy work, it would have been replaced in the present time by computer software long ago, rather than truly remaining the often extremely difficult intellectual work it actually is.

The main upshot of this common attitude, which we can dub general, is the notion that translation is an undemanding work. Translating task is presumed to be easy as common people imagine it greatly involves little more than an automatic and mechanical process, matching word for word the contents of the original. By perceiving it as childâ??s play, customers often budget low costs for related work. It is common for large companies and general people to be astonished with the prices actually fixed by the translation companies, and the customer are unprepared to pay the total sums that a project actually demands.

Another central point of the translation work is the idea of the translatorâ??s â??invisibility.â?? This general notion is reflected in the set of instructions frequently dispatched to the translator, basically along the lines of â??reproduce the idea of the original text in full, follow to the letter the originalâ??s style and ensure that the translation has the same fluency and naturalness as the original text.â? For most critics, a good translation is one that really bears no living resemblance to a translation work and where the translator manages to convey the real meaning of the original text. This attitude completely negates the translatorâ??s essential intervention in the given text.

A translator shouldnâ??t express his personal views and opinion during translation. A translator should be much careful with each and every line of the given text and do justice while translating it. A translator who is working for a translation service should avoid all type of common mistake usually occurring in the source and target languages. A translator should have a good knowledge of both the translation languages and more about its cultural and literature growth and latest development.

Looking at the growth prospects and rising demand for the medical translation services, many translation companies have entered the market. However not all of them can manage to provide the high level of quality standards in service. As medical translation involves translating the documents that impact the health and safety of people, any mistake in translation can be dangerous and leave your business neck-deep in lawsuits. Due to this, it is very essential to selection a correct translation company for your translation needs.

How to go about selecting a right company for medical translation?

If you are planning to use medical translation service for the first time, you can get easily confused looking at the large number of companies that have started offering this service. If you are in this situation, use this checklist to get help on choosing the correct translation company for your requirements.

What do the old clients have to say about the concerned translation company? Has the company managed to deliver quality work? Could it handle the strict deadlines? Was it flexible enough to accommodate any changes in the requirements? What are the certifications awarded to the translation company? The company having certifications like ISO 9001 and EN 15038 is better geared to provide you with high standards of service, which is essential for medical translation. What are the credentials of the employees hired by the translation company? Are they qualified medical experts? Are they native speakers of the language in which you want to translate the documents? E.g. if you want to translate Japanese medical document, the company should hire Japanese doctors for the job. They are best qualified to give you most accurate results. Can you pay the translation company by your preferred payment method? If you want to pay by credit card but they insist on wire transfer, then the company is no right for you. Is the translation company open to providing translation on the platform of your choice? E.g are you looking to get the document in PDF format for Windows XP? Does the company provide such a service?

The key to selecting the correct translation company will depend on the positive answers to the questions listed above. Answer them and you will not go wrong.

A key to a best technical translation is the consistent use of correct terminology. It plays the role to promote consistency and accuracy in the technical translation. A Technical translator should be much familiar with technical jargon in both languages. A major part of technical translation is technical writing or a good technical translation requires good technical writing. The main challenge a technical translator face during technical translation is that documents are often written with different stylistic conventions in different languages in a given industry or the standard market prevailing in that region. Technical translation is not like translating literature. There are no cultural cues to preserve and no great literary techniques to convert into specific rules. What needs to be preserved is the technical content of the document in the right manner.

The technical translation may involve documents such as technical manuals, Product literatures, Users Guides, installation instructions or Installation manuals, Operating Manuals, system requirement documents, Pre sale and post sale booklets,  patents, service manuals, Maintenance manuals, technical training material, Service manuals,  technical brochures, Engineering specifications, User guides,  CAD drawings,  data sheets, E-Learning,  tender documents, Bill of Materials, Catalogs, Labels, Presentations, Safety Manuals (for print and interactive media), Software and Hardware UI, Training materials, Technical proposals, Website, Other marketing Materials Magazines, periodicals, scientific journals and more.

Technical translation always deals with technical material which runs into pages that are quickly translated and deliver within a few days. Most of the technical translation is written in MS Word. In certain case technical translation is done in other file formats such as Adobe Framemaker, InDesign, XML and just about any other document file format according to the client’s requirements. If your technical translation involves technical drawing and illustrations, it call also be done by the textual call outs and captions.

A technical translator should  use the combination of his/her experience, absolute technical accuracy, language expertise and proven quality procedures to ensure that the technical translations which are produce conform to even the most exacting standards in the industry and the prevailing market standard all over the world. A technical translator should adhere to quality verification procedures that are unusually very stringent. Every technical translation project should be inspected and certified for delivery by a Quality Assurance Agent who delivers an anonymous report to the Senior Tech Project Manager assigned to the project of technical translation. Corrections should be made on-the-fly, and technical translation is always delivered on time and within budget.

So far, your business has shown steady growth and you are ready to grab your piece of the global market. However, once you begin your campaign to other countries you should realize that the potential clients may have difficulties in understanding what your product or service is and what it does. The reason this is true, is that even if English is the major language throughout the business world, only around 25 percent of the world speaks English. This means your information will be mumbo jumbo to 75 percent of the world. The only way to reach the vast population of individuals that do not speak English is with the aid of a translation service. Of course, this goes the other way as well, if you wish to reach the English speaking countries you may need your information translated into English. Either way, a professional translation service will be able to provide you with high quality translations that will ensure that all individuals will be able to receive your material in their native tongue.

In the United States, a recent report stated that many US companies are losing billions of dollars per year due to incorrect or inept language translations. These documents are a reflection of the company, thus if the material is not proper, individuals will not be able to trust the company. If they cannot ensure their own documents are readable in the foreign language, how will they ever be able to meet the needs of customers that speak that language?

If you have a particular country or countries you wish to market your product or service, then you need to find a translation service that speaks and writes both languages fluently. Just because a person can speak, the language fluently does not ensure they can write the language correctly. Always ask for a sample by providing one of your documents. Remember, languages often change whereas a word can have new meanings or may not be used in the same way it was years before.

In order to translate the material properly you will need both a translation service that has been in business for a while with references. You should be able to communicate in your own language to explain the document you wish translated so you can convey the message you wish others to read and understand. The true answer is to use a reputable and reliable translation service that understands the importance of your material.

You should be able to work with the team of translators to ensure that your document is understandable and correctly worded for those that will be reading your material. Remember, you can always ask questions during the translation process if in doubt. Lastly, if you really need a rush job then that is one thing, but if you can wait, please give the translators the time they need to ensure your material will be perfect.

If the translator cannot produce the best possible full translation within the time available, then an “optimal” solution should be agreed upon.

Such translations could fall into one of the following categories:

- “a translation that provides what is necessary for the stated purpose”

- “as good as possible in view of the customer’s requirements”.

In the case of the 600 page technical report mentioned above, the “ideal” translation might consist of faithful adherence to the source text, which would involve full reproduction of the detailed report. On the other hand, providing the persons attending an international meeting with 600 pages of typescript is certainly not the best way of communicating the contents of the report to them. Due to the obvious time limitations, a summary could be proposed as an alternative. This could have the additional advantage in that key bullet points raised for discussion in the international meeting would be more easily accessible in a summary.

Of course, production of the summary would itself involve the translator reading all 600 pages of the report and that alone could probably take more than the two days available. So from a practical point of view, it might be that the person who is asking for the translation could provide a summary in his or her own language – after all that one person is most likely the one person who is fully aware of the salient points in the report. The summary could then be translated into the language required for the international meeting.

However, there are also many situations in international business when a full translation of a long original text is required for distribution to persons or companies in other countries. This occurs with technical translations, tender documents, quotations, technical documents, scientific documents, operator’s manuals and repair manuals and with many other documents of all types.

Translation of literary works is also required and this can be one of most fulfilling tasks for a translator – also one of the most difficult on occasions.

One of the ways in which an experienced translator can produce a long translation in a short space of time is by dictating the translation into a digital recorder and then emailing the translation to one or more typists who in turn type out the translation and send it back to the originating translator for correction before delivery to the customer. Using this technique, a translator can produce upwards of 10,000 words per day. Almost everyone can speak faster than they can type.

A similar technique uses one of the computer speech recognition programs, which have seen a great deal of improvement over the last few years. Using one of these systems, the translator can dictate the translation into a small microphone while at the same time his or her computer types the translation directly onto the computer screen. When completed, it can then be corrected, proof-read and sent to the customer.

Of course a translation agency is always pleased to accept a long translation (as long as the deadline for completing the translation leaves enough time for the translation itself and for proof-reading, etc.). If the original text is a technical document, translation memory systems can be used and this ensures that repeated expressions are translated automatically by the memory system. The reader is then reassured by repetition of the same phrase for the same action and vocabulary is standardized by the system, avoiding any ambiguity to the reader. The same word is always used for the same thing. This can also result in lower costs, which can be passed on to the customer of the translation agency.

Sometimes for a quick translation, it is necessary to use several translators working on different parts of a long text to meet a very short deadline. In this case, the translation memory system comes into its own, since translation memories (TM’s in the language of the trade) can be sent to the various translators, to ensure that the vocabulary is standardized.

Modern systems used by translation agencies have made it easier to produce long translations in times that would have considered to be amazingly short only a few years ago and doubtless we can expect more improvements in future.

Equivalence in Translation Between myth and reality
This article is dedicated to express the equivalence as a theory in various points of view taken from theorists. The winter says the theorists are divided into two groups. The first group is in favor of linguists approach in translation. The second group is in favor of cultural approach toward translation and most importantly the equivalence. The writer also defines a mediocre place for scholars who do not belong to the first or second group. Scholars for the first group are Vinay, Catford, Darbelnet, Jakobson and Nida. Vinay and Darbelnet defined the equivalence as a procedure which replicates the same situation as in the original while using completely different wording. They also said that the equivalence is the ideal method in dealing with proverbs, idioms, clichés, etc. Jakobson considered three types of translation. They are inter lingual (between SL &TL), intra lingual (within one language), and inter semiotic (between sign systems). Nida`s theory was defined by the writer. Nida defined two types of equivalence. They are formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Writer says the formal equivalence focuses on the message itself. However, the dynamic equivalence is based on the equivalent effect. Catford is the next theorist who believed in linguistic approach toward translation and equivalence. He defined his theory based on the extent of translation, grammatical rank and the levels of language. He, later on, explained his notion of shifts. They are structure shift, class shift, unit shift, and intra system shift.
In the second part of the article, the writer introduces House`s theory as a cultural or functional approach toward the notions of translation and equivalence. House defined two types of translation namely overt and covert translation. In the overt translation the TT audience is not directly addressed. On the other hand, the covert translation is the production of a text which is functionally equivalent to the ST. in the final part of the article, Baker`s theory of equivalence was defined. The writer says Baker explores the notion of equivalence at different levels. They are word level, grammatical level, textual level, and pragmatic level. Finally, the writer concluded that equivalence is still problematic in terms of definition, theoretical aspects, and practical aspects.

Equivalence in Translation

This article starts with the pure feature of language namely arbitrariness. Later on, he puts his finger on the existing differences among languages. finally, in the first part, the last mentioned point is the ability of language to express ideas and thoughts. At the beginning of the second part, translation was described as the conveying the intended message through SL and TL. Then, the translation was considered as the sub field of applied linguistics. Having used the contrastive analysis, the writer attempted to define equivalence by considering the translation as the process of both encoding and decoding. The writer, later on, exemplified between Persian and English languages to illustrate the concept of equivalence. To this end, the writer provides some examples regarding cultural words, verbs, polysemy, compound adjective, implicitness, explicitness, prepositions, literary terms, simple words, compound words, genitive case, future tense, passive structures, theme, and rheme. As it is seem here, the writer aimed at applying different structures in order to indicate the fact that language systems vary and the translation involves knowing these differences. To put it in a nutshell, in order to translate correctly and accurately, the translator needs to know the phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, idiomatic and cultural systems of both source language and target language. After knowing this, the translator decodes the SL elements and encodes them in to TL elements. All in all, the main purpose of this article is to define and explain the concept of equivalence. In order to end the purpose, the writer went in to details by providing the readers with a number of examples cristalize the areas defined in the article. The writer, finally, reached the fact that if somebody or a translator wants to translate satisfactorily; s/he needs to be familiar with the linguistic system and cultural system of the source and target languages.

Problems of dynamic equivalence in translation

The writer of this article starts with the definition of formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Then, she says the concept of equivalence is the central issue in translation studies. She, later on, opposed the Nida`s dynamic equivalence or functional equivalence. The writer of the article brought some quotations from Nida in terms of Bible translation. The first problem which was explained by the writer is the fact that since the translator is freer from grammatical forms of the original languages, s/ he will exceed the boundary of accurate translation. Due to this fact, the dynamic equivalence has a problem of being more natural and more precise. The writer goes on saying that some scholars opposed dynamic equivalence. One of them is Eco who is a scholar in translation. Eco criticized Nida and said that equivalence in meaning or dynamic equivalence is not a satisfactory criterion for correct translation. Eco continues that the equivalence in meaning which is provided by meaning is not accepted since there is no complete synonym in language. Eco exemplified daddy and father as not being the same. In fact, Eco believed that those who are involved in the art and craft of translation are definitely in a better position to formulate theoretical aspects of the subject. Eco said the translator should not render based on dictionary. Therefore, Eco meant that translating is not only connected with linguistic competence but also with intertexual, psychological, and narrative competence. Eco focused on the cultural aspects of translation. In the conclusion part, the writer defined two competing theories. Firstly, to render as exactly as possible the full meaning of words and phrases. Secondly, to render a result that does not read like a translation at all, but rather moves in its new dress near to the culture of target language. The last but not least, the good and accurate translation is the overall concern of all theories and should include the functional requirements of an accepted theory which is adequate. It means cultural elements and equivalent effect must be completely considered in the theoretical aspects of translation theory, because of the fact that it helps for translating adequate and proper.

Toward a theory of bias and equivalence
To begin with, this article moves to two notions namely bias and equivalence. Firstly, these two terms are explained. The writer says bias is related to validity. In fact, it is said that something is biased when its scores do not have the same psychological meaning across languages. Equivalence is defined as the difference between measurement levels of within- and between- group comparisons. If the measure is biased against some cultural groups, individual difference within a cultural population and across cultural populations is not measured. At the same scale. There are three types of bias. They are construct bias, method bias, and item bias or differential item functioning. Construct bias is the dissimilarity of construct across cultures. Method bias is a general word that refers to all sources of bias resulting from methodological- procedural aspects of a study. Sample bias is subsuming all differences in scores that are related to specific aspects of a sample. Parallel to three types of bias, there are three types of equivalence. They are construct equivalence, method equivalence, and measurement unit equivalence. It should
be said that these concepts namely equivalence and bias are integral part of any empirical study. Therefore, in any step of quantitative studies, there is a bias. All in all, the writer says that bias, holistically, refers to the absence or presence of nuisance factors. On the other hand, equivalence is the implication of bias on the cross cultural score comparisons to be made. As writer mentioned in the article, in order to translate better the existence of good equivalences are urgent. Consequently, in order to get the highest possible level of equivalence, bias should be scrutinized in each and all steps of quantitative study. To put it in a nutshell, the most important part of translation is equivalence and the most important part of cultural issues in translation is the bias. Consequently, in order to translate better and more adequate, we have to know the bias, then, we will choose the best equivalence across languages.

The concept of equivalence in translation studies

The major concern of this article is the theoretical and philosophical aspects of equivalence. The definition of equivalence comprises other non- specific definitions of equivalence. It is defined as generally being equal and interchangeable in value, quantity, significance, etc. the writer defines the different aspects of equivalence and describes them. In other words, the all components of the equivalence are described. There is also a definition for translation studies. It is being equivalent according to different degrees of languages and ranks of languages. Another definition for equivalence is the scientific definition which states that the central problem of translation is that of finding TL translation equivalent and the central task of translation theory is that of defining the nature and conditions of translation equivalence. It is said that the main objective of translation studies is the explication of translation equivalence. The writer continues by explaining different scholars ` points of view toward equivalence like Nida`s formal and dynamic equivalence. The writer, then, considered the displacement of equivalence concept by introducing the historical- descriptive approach toward equivalence and translation. This approach emphasizes on the significance of the situation, and more specifically, the culture in which translations are to be situated. The scholars of this approach focus on the target culture. Generally, there are two approaches which are explained one is the linguistic approach and the other one is the descriptive- historical approach or functional approach.
To sum up, the article is the explanation for different views over the concept of equivalence. It says translation studies maybe analogous. In addition, the components of equivalence are described. Furthermore, two main approaches known as linguistic approach and functional or descriptive- historical approach are discussed. This study just regards the theoretical aspects of the notion of equivalence from different points of view. Among them, the somehow dichotomy of linguistic versus functional equivalence is explained. The whole debate is around the nature of the notions.

Terminological equivalence: probability and consistency in technical translation
The whole framework of the essay is the finding equivalence for terminologies or terms within technical translation. In this study, from the point of view of terminology studies, the usage of technical terms is the first step for normalizing that the use of understanding technical communication is highly important. The written defines the equivalence as the one- to- one mapping oh characteristics of a concept; however, there are degrees in equivalence like the denotational meaning and connotational meaning and equivalence. Furthermore, the writer describes Catford`s theory and his dichotomy of textual versus formal equivalence. The next step taken by the writer is the importance of consistency and variation in lexical choice as a important feature of a good technical translation. In other words, by saying consistency it is meant the avoidance of synonymy in technical texts. Now, there is a problem, in fact, the consistency of technical texts require the avoidance of synonymy, at the same time, some lexical aspects known as lexical cohesions are impossible to reproduce. Therefore, there is a tension between the demand or asking for lexical consistency in technical terms and those of patterns of lexical cohesion across languages.
In the next part of the study, the writer explained a case study which was based on the above- mentioned issue in translation of technical texts. In this study, a kind of text written in German language is translated both in to English and French. Then, the results are discussed. It is proved that the French translator introduced more variation and the English translator introduced less variation.
To sum up, after conducting a piece of research it is said that there is a clash or balance between the consistency within the technical text and the lexical cohesion.

Translation, equivalence and intertextuality
the same as the other articles, this essay primarily contains the importance which is given over the notion of equivalence. Then, the writer raises an significant point or suggestion. He suggested that it is useful to consider equivalence primarily in terms of equality in value and status.
The writer supports his idea based on some examples within the article. The problem between equivalence and intertextuality arises when a text is translated and the original and translation of the same thing are discussed. The writer exemplified the Greek version of Hebrew Old Testament made in the third century for Greek- speaking Jewish.
On the relation among translation, equivalence and intertextuality, the writer says authentication indicates the end of status as a translation. He concluded that if the equivalence spells the end of translation, it can be said that the end of translator’s work happened. The writer says that strong equivalence is total; he posits congruence of meaning and singularity of intent and leaves no room for differential voices. The writer also says that as long as translations remain translations, equivalence remains beyond their grasp and different subjects inhabit their discursive space.
To sum up, the writer says the most important and problematic issue in the field of translation is the equivalence. The writer deems the concept of equivalence as being very close to translation. If the equivalence is correctly selected, therefore, the translation is done properly. It is a mutual relationship. The writer says the problem arises when the differences are indicated. If we regard the intertextuality, the problem arises when a text is translated, then, the original and the translation of the same thing is discussed. To this end, the writer of the essay provides the readers with some textual examples. It ranges from religious books namely Bible to the Anne Frank’s diary.

Cultural equivalence: Its effectiveness and complications
this article posits the cultural aspects of languages. The writer starts with the definition of equivalent effect which is the same impact on both SL and TL audience. Later on, the writer says that Nida is the leading theorist in the equivalence of effect. In his translation of the bible, he postulated these effects. According to the theory of functional equivalence by Nida, one of the strategies of equivalent effect is the cultural equivalence, based on writer’s idea. After that, the writer provides the readers with the examples of cultural equivalence. There are two main examples from Donald keene`s translation of “shayo”. These examples are judg
ed based on their effectiveness by the analysis of advantages and limitations. It is said that the cultural substitution is a effective way to get a similar effect on the target reader.
One of the main points described by the writer is the fact that the equivalent effect most be achieved even at the word level.
On the topic of dynamic equivalence, Nida defines it as mostly in favor of placing strong emphasis on the effect of the translated work on the receiver. In accordance with Nida, changes in the text, including words, metaphors, and even omission or addition, are allowed as long as the target text functions in the same manner as the source text. The example of Nida is the translation of the word “lamb” in to “seal” or “pig” in order to convey the message of God. In summary, equivalent effect refers to an intended result of functional equivalence translation method. At the same time, the term is used in translation theory to refer to the procedures and techniques of functional equivalence. The most important part or results of Nida`s functional equivalence is the fact that some kinds of adjustments is necessary in order to transfer the intended meaning. All in all, cultural equivalence is kind of strategy in equivalent effect domain and it is seem in case of many translated books across the different cultures and languages.

Arriving at equivalence. Making a case for comparable corpora in translation studies
One of the domains of translation is corpus- based translation studies. As the writer says it is a kind of strategy for translation. He, later on, explains the parallel corpora which comprises text in two or more languages. It means there is a monolingual corpora, there is a bilingual or bi directional corpora and so on. The writer, then, explains the comparable corpora. It is a corpora which includes text collections whose size and content may vary. The composition and size of the corpora and their representative ness is relevant to respective languages. The writer says this article is the result of a study which was the corpus- based study of a connotation of non- literary language. It scrutinized the meaning of color words as it exists in linguistic expressions like to see red, to fell blue, and green with envy. It also explains what factors are responsible for activating the connotative meanings of the color words.
The writer mainly focused on the fact that corpus data can be usefully exploited in order to identify series of translation equivalents for words, expressions, idioms, … etc. Another important factor mentioned by the writer is the reference to corpora. In fact, reference makes it possible to identify where differences and similarities lie across languages. Some case studies are provided by the writer to clarify the use of corpora. To sum up, the corpora has different types. The main aspects of corpora are comparability and reference. Usually, the use of TL corpora is for the sake of natural translation. Another important factor is that the choice in translation is related to choice in source language and it is done with the help of comparing chosen expression against its possible alternative along with the paradigmatic axis. Finally, the writer says corpus is used very much and the word profiling is therefore a much more straight forward matter that it was a few years ago. He emphasized that the combination of automatic processing, manual analysis and greater awareness of how language makes meaning help translator to reach equivalence very easily.

Using machine translation evaluation techniques to determine sentence- level semantic equivalence

This study is based on the fact that machine translation evaluation is closely related to the sentence- level semantic equivalence. According to what writer says this study will answer this question whether there is any correlation between performance on the semantic equivalence classification task and performance of underlying evaluation technique on the task of MT evaluation? In this paper some methods or standard methods are used in order to build organizers to predict semantic equivalence. The most important method which is new and novel is the PER. This model leverages parts of speech information. Which is related to the word matches and non- word matches through the sentence. The most significant part, now, is the process of dealing with synonyms. The writer said the meaning of a sentence is conveyed by a synonymous word in its paraphrase. In fact, the writer covered these cases in order to get help from them for proving the result of the study. A pilot study is also done for the better results. Finally, it was indicated that it is possible to drive the features that can be used to determine whether similar sentences are paraphrases of each other from methods currently being used to automatically evaluate machine translation systems.
To sum up, this study done in line with sentence equivalence in machine translation. It is based on the similarity between the assessment in machine translation and the task of sentence- level semantic equivalence. The results supported the study completely. The technique gives a substantial improvement in analysis or paraphrase classification accuracy over all of the other models used in the experiments.

Lexical cohesion and translation equivalence
The study is based on the notion of texture and lexical cohesion. The writer says this paper is going to define the notion of translation equivalence in accordance with lexical cohesion. At the beginning of the article, the writer introduces a comprehensive framework for characterization of the different equivalents. Furthermore, seven dimensions of translation equivalence are introduced namely vocabulary, structure, texture, degree of indirection, language variety, cognitive effect and aesthetic effect, later on, one dimension namely texture is defined. In fact, texture includes four components they are themutization strategies, schematic structures, cohesion and paralanguage. Cohesion is defined by the writer as the relation between meanings within a text. Then, lexical cohesion is defined which includes reiteration and collocation. These two notions are very important in terms of textual cohesion. In the experimental part the writer introduces a text to be analyzed based on lexical collocational chain in it. , by examining the semantic relation between lexical cohesion which is related to textual function. Now, the writer wants to define equivalence in terms of texture. Therefore, for the translated text to be equivalent to its SL counterpart in terms of texture, the translator should observe the textual strategies discussed as well as other textual features. In the process of evaluation of the text, if the writer wants to determine the degree to which the translator has managed to maintain the discourse value intended by the SL text es